How History Unfolds on Paper: Important Americana from the Eric C. Caren Collection, Part X

No place, (presumably off Lobos Island, Gulf of Mexico), no date (presumed ca. February 1847). Bifolium, 12 1/2 x 8 in. (317 x 203 mm). Three-page manuscript document, being a contemporary copy of General Orders No. 28, detailing naval directions and signals "prescribed by the Genl. in Chief [Winfield Scott]...strictly observed on board of all vessels belonging to his expedition..." Docketed on verso, with further manuscript below, "A copy of G.O. No 28 & sailing directions to be furnished to each master of a vessel--New vols. are already furnished"; creasing from old folds; small stain in lower central fold.

A fascinating contemporary copy of General Orders No. 28, issued by Major General Winfield Scott in preparation for the siege of Veracruz, Mexico during the Mexican-American War--the largest amphibious invasion in American history before the D-Day landings during World War II.

Issued from Army Headquarters aboard the USS Massachusetts, an auxiliary steam-powered packet ship, the present Order details numerous flag signals and directions for vessels to use during the invasion. Aided by Commodore David E. Conner's Home Squadron, Scott's 15,000-strong force prepared for their operation off the Island of Lobos in early March 1847. The operation took place on March 9, and in less than 24 hours, facing little resistance, Scott landed 12,000 soldiers onto Mexican shores.

Veracruz, the largest port in Mexico, served as a critical and strategic gateway to the capital of Mexico City, whose capture Scott hoped would force Mexico's surrender. Protected by the San Juan de Ulúa fortress, Scott chose to surround Veracruz for bombardment instead of the potential risk of taking the fort outright. Bombardment began on March 22, and by the 29th Mexican forces surrendered. The invasion opened the interior of Mexico, and began Scott's successful campaign toward Mexico City, arriving on the outskirts by August.